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BUS105 Business Statistics Questions Assessment Answer

    Overview 

    A pair of datasets for country 1 and country 2. Looking at the datasets you will notice that each student has been given a sample, students must use their own sample.
    An automatic dataset summarizer.
    Instructions for checking that you have properly found your sample, students must use their sample.

    “Title: semester 1, 2020 BUS105 computing assignment”

    Overview 

    You need to submit a word file with the answers to 9 questions the first 8 are about the dataset the last question is a paraphrasing task (refer to pages 3 to 6)

    You will use your dataset and the automatic dataset summarizer to get the descriptive statistics that are used questions 1 to 5 and the inferential statistics that are used in question 6 to 8.
    to check you have correctly obtained your dataset check both p-values are correct when you investigate both categorical variables (question 6) 

     The word count can be less than 1500 words if you are giving answers that demonstrate you have understood the material.

    Summary of the dataset (question 1 to 8 given on pages 3 to 6  are about the dataset) 

    Suppose market research company XYZ did a survey in two different countries. The survey was designed to gather basic information about some customers and their opinion about TV model XYZ

    The survey questions were

    “What is your Income?”
    “What is your gender?”
    “How much are you willing to spend on a TV?”
    “Would you buy TV model XYZ?” 

    So there are two datasets, one for each country

    One dataset is the survey answers country 1
    One dataset is the survey answers country 2 

     students MUST use the datasets they are given, They CANNOT use datasets they make themselves or take from other sources.

    Each of the datasets consists of the following variables, 

    income? : a quantitative variable
    Gender?: a categorical variable
    Amount you would spend? : A quantitative variable, the amount they would spend on a TV
    Would you buy?:  A categorical variable, would they buy TV model XYZ 

    “Title: semester 1, 2020 BUS105 computing assignment”

    Question 1 
    a) Just using the information for Country 1

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics that let you investigate the relationship between the variables “Gender?” and “Would you buy?” using the sample 

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics (choose one)

    Difference between sample means -
    Difference between sample proportions  -
    correlation coefficient     r

    b) Just using the information for Country 2

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics that let you investigate the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Gender?” and “Would you buy?”

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics (chose one)  

    Difference between sample means -
    Difference between sample proportions  -
    correlation coefficient     r

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    Question 2

    a) Just using the information for country 1

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics that let you investigate the relationship between the variables “Would you buy?” and “amount you would spend?” using the sample

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics (chose one) 

    Difference between sample means -
    Difference between sample proportions  -
    correlation coefficient     r

    b) Just using the information for Country 2

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics that let you investigate the claim there is a relationship between the variables “would you buy?” and “amount you would spend?”

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics 

    Difference between sample means -
    Difference between sample proportions  -
    correlation coefficient     r

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    Question 3

    a) Just using the information for Country 1

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics and a graph that let you investigate the relationship between the variables “Income?” and “Amount you would spend?” using the sample 

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics 

    Difference between sample means -
    Difference between sample proportions  -
    correlation coefficient     r

    b) Just using the information for Country 2

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics and a graph that let you investigate the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Income?” and “Amount you would spend?” using the sample

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics 

    Difference between sample means -
    Difference between sample proportions  -
    correlation coefficient     r

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b) 

    Question 4

    1. Considering all people in the country 1 dataset 
    2. What is sample size n 
    3. What is the sample proportion of people that would buy the model XYZ TV 
    4. Use the answers in part (i) and (ii) to find the zscore of the sample proportion if you assume the population proportion p=0.5
    5. Considering all people in the country 2 dataset 
    6. What is sample size n
    7. What is the sample proportion of people that would buy the model XYZ TV
    8. Use the answers to parts (i) and (ii) to find zscore of the sample proportion if you assume the population proportion p=0.5

    Question 5

    Just using the country 1 data set, more specifically the “variables income” and “would they buy” of the country 1 dataset 

    1. Just considering the people that would buy the TV
    2. What is sample size, sample mean and sample standard deviation of income 

    Hint: this is easy just the dataset summarizer 

    ii) find a 95% confidence interval for income

    1. Just considering the people would not buy the TV
    2. What is sample size, sample mean and sample standard deviation of income 

    Hint: this is easy just the dataset summarizer 

    ii) find a 95% confidence interval for income

    Question 6

    a) Just using the information for country 1

    i) Paste in inferential statistics that measure evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Gender?” and “Would you buy?” if you consider the whole population 

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    b) Just using the information for country 2

    i) Paste in inferential statistics that measure evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Gender?” and “Would you buy?” if you consider the whole population 

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    Question 7

    a) Just using the information for country 1

    i) Paste in computer output that measure evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “would you buy?” and “amount you would spend?” if you consider the whole population 

    Hint: inferential statistics measure evidence for a claim.

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    b) Just using the information for country 2

    i) Paste in computer output that measures evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “would you buy?” and “amount you would spend?” if you consider the whole population 

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    Question 8

    a) Just using the information for country 1

    i) Paste in computer output that measures evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Income?” and “amount you would spend?” if you consider the whole population
    Hint: inferential statistics measure evidence for a claim.

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    b) Just using the information for country 2

    i) Paste in computer output that measures evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Income?” and “amount you would spend?” if you consider the whole population 

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    Question 9 

    You need to pick ONE of the following options for question 9, Your answer should be about 300 words long

    OPTION 1
    Give a brief summary of at least on the major ideas in the following powerpoint  available from
    OPTION 2 

    Briefly discuss the main message in the following sample report available from
    You need to cut and paste just your dataset into a new excel file and follow the 4 instructions below, DO NOT use a cover page for the excel file, you must check that you have the correct sample

    Note that you can still do this at home even if you do not have excel, just use google sheets 

    1. For country 1 Use excel PivotTable commands (or google sheet pivot table commands)  to find appropriate sample statistics that let you investigate  the relationship between the fields (variables) “Gender?” and “Would you buy?”
    2. For country 1
      Use excel PivotTable commands (or google sheet pivot table commands) to find appropriate sample statistics that let you investigate the relationship between the fields (variables) “Would you buy?” and “Amount you would spend?”
    3. For country 1
      Use excel commands to make a graph that lets you investigate the relationship between the fields (variables) “Income?” and “Amount you would spend?”

    Answer

    Course: Business Statistics

    Question 1

    a) Just using the information for Country 1

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics that let you investigate the relationship between the variables “Gender?” and “Would you buy?” using the sample 

    descriptive sample statistics  
    		 
     
    		N
    		Y
    		Total
    female count
    		13
    		43
    		56
    female %
    		23.21%
    		76.79%
    		100.00%
    male count
    		17
    		27
    		44
    male %
    		38.64%
    		61.36%
    		100.00%

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics.

    The above table describes the sample proportions: the sample size is 100 comprising of 56% females and 44% males. Further, while 13 females and 17 males are not willing to buy the new model, 43 females and 27 males are willing to buy the new model.

    Difference in proportions method is used:

    P1 is 0.30 (not willing to buy)

    P2 is 0.70 (willing to buy)

    P1-P2 = 0.30-0.70 = -0.40

    Hence, there is a 40% upswing for those willing to buy new model.

    b) Just using the information for Country 2

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics that let you investigate the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Gender?” and “Would you buy?”

    descriptive sample statistics  
    		 
     
    		N
    		Y
    		Total
    female count
    		16
    		40
    		56
    female %
    		28.57%
    		71.43%
    		100.00%
    male count
    		28
    		16
    		44
    male %
    		63.64%
    		36.36%
    		100.00%

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics (chose one)  

    The above table describes the sample proportions: the sample size is 100 comprising of 56% females and 44% males. Further, while 16 females and 28 males are not willing to buy the new model, 40 females and 16 males are willing to buy the new model.

    Difference in proportions method is used:

    P1 is 0.44 (not willing to buy)

    P2 is 0.56 (willing to buy)

    P1-P2 = 0.44-0.56 = -0.12

    Hence, there is a 12% upswing for those willing to buy new model.

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    Country 1 Country 2stacked bar charts of country 1stacked bar charts of country 2

    The above are stacked bar charts for the two countries. It can be seen that in both countries, large proportion of females are willing to buy the new model: 76.79% in country 1 and 71.43% in country 2. However, while the majority male population of Country 1 is willing to buy new model (61.36%), the same is not true for country 2 where only 36.36% of male population is willing to buy the new model.

    Question 2

    a) Just using the information for country 1

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics that let you investigate the relationship between the variables “Would you buy?” and “amount you would spend?” using the sample

    descriptive sample statistics 
    		 
    		 
    		 
    xbar1
    		xbar2
    		s1
    		s2
    		n1
    		n2
    513.567
    		722.557
    		179.37
    		176
    		30
    		70

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics (chose one) 

    The above table provides statistical measures with respect to the ‘amount you would spend’ for the two groups: those ‘willing to buy’ and ‘not willing to buy’. The table provides mean, standard deviation and sample size.

    Difference in means method is used:

    X1-X2 = 513.567-722.557 = -208.99

    Hence, there is an upward swing of 208.99 in average amount of those who are willing to buy the new model.

    b) Just using the information for Country 2

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics that let you investigate the claim there is a relationship between the variables “would you buy?” and “amount you would spend?”

    descriptive sample statistics 
    		 
    		 
    		 
    xbar1
    		xbar2
    		s1
    		s2
    		n1
    		n2
    700.045
    		602.625
    		178.288
    		168
    		44
    		56

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics 

    The above table provides statistical measures with respect to the ‘amount you would spend’ for the two groups: those ‘willing to buy’ and ‘not willing to buy’. The table provides mean, standard deviation and sample size.

    Difference in means method is used:

    X1-X2 = 700.045-602.625 = 97.42

    Hence, there is a downward swing of 97.42 in average amount of those who are willing to buy the new model.

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    For Country 1, those who are willing to buy are willing to spend an average of 208.99 more as compared to those who are not willing to buy. Majority population of this country was willing to buy the new model.

    For Country 2, those who are willing to buy are willing to spend an average of 97.42 less as compared to those who are not willing to buy. Majority male population of this country was not willing to buy the new model.

    Question 3

    a) Just using the information for Country 1

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics and a graph that let you investigate the relationship between the variables “Income?” and “Amount you would spend?” using the sample

    descriptive sample statistics
    sample size
    		100
    sample Slope
    		9.7149734
    sample intercept
    		13.328519
    sample correlation r 
    		0.9556816

    descriptive sample statistics graph country 1

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics 

    The above variables “Income?” and “Amount you would spend?” are quantitative in nature and hence, correlation method is used.

    The table above shows a high degree of positive correlation (r) at 0.956 and it also provides slope and intercept which can be used to predict the value of y variable (amount you would spend). Similar information is also there in scatter graph which shows regression equation and the scatter plot that shows concentration of observations around the upward sloping trend line. This shows that as value of one variable (income) increases, value of other variable (amount you would spend) also increases and vice versa.

    b) Just using the information for Country 2

    i) Paste in descriptive sample statistics and a graph that let you investigate the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Income?” and “Amount you would spend?” using the sample

    descriptive sample statistics
    sample size
    		100
    sample Slope
    		8.236304
    sample intercept
    		-16.214666
    sample correlation r 
    		0.9855916

    descriptive sample statistics graph country 2

    ii) Use the output in part (i) to describe the relationship between the two variables, your discussion must use one of the following sample statistics 

    The above variables “Income?” and “Amount you would spend?” are quantitative in nature and hence, correlation method is used.

    The table above shows a high degree of positive correlation (r) at 0.986 and it also provides slope and intercept which can be used to predict the value of y variable (amount you would spend). Similar information is also there in scatter graph which shows regression equation and the scatter plot that shows concentration of observations around the upward sloping trend line. This shows that as value of one variable (income) increases, value of other variable (amount you would spend) also increases and vice versa.

     c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b) 

    Both the countries indicate strong positive relationship between the two variables. This shows that as value of one variable (income) increases, value of other variable (amount you would spend) also increases and vice versa. The strength of this relationship is a little higher for Country 2 at 0.986 as compared to Country 1 at 0.956. Still, both have very high correlation as r varies from -1 to 1 and the value is very close to 1 in both cases.

    Question 4

    1. Considering all people in the country 1 dataset 

    2. What is sample size n 

    Sample size is 100

    3. What is the sample proportion of people that would buy the model XYZ TV 

    0.70 or 70% of people in country 1 are willing to buy model XYZ TV.

    4. Use the answers in part (i) and (ii) to find the zscore of the sample proportion if you assume the population proportion p=0.5

    Let Sample proportion be variable X such that X can either be people willing to buy TV or not willing to buy TV making X a binomial variable where population p= 0.5 such that:

    Mean = µ = np = 100*0.5 = 50

    SD = σ = √np(1-p) = √100*.5*(1-0.5) = √50*.5 = √25 = 5

    Sample proportion () = 0.70

    z-score = (-p)/ σ  = (0.70-0.50)/5 = 0.04

    5. Considering all people in the country 2 dataset 

    6. What is sample size n 

    Sample size is 100

    7. What is the sample proportion of people that would buy the model XYZ TV 

    0.56 or 56% of people in country 2 are willing to buy model XYZ TV.

    8. Use the answers in part (i) and (ii) to find the zscore of the sample proportion if you assume the population proportion p=0.5

    Let Sample proportion be variable X such that X can either be people willing to buy TV or not willing to buy TV making X a binomial variable where population p= 0.5 such that:

    Mean = µ = np = 100*0.5 = 50

    SD = σ = √np(1-p) = √100*.5*(1-0.5) = √50*.5 = √25 = 5

    Sample proportion () = 0.56

    z-score = (-p)/ σ  = (0.56-0.50)/5 = 0.012

    Question 5

    Just using the country 1 data set, more specifically the “variables income” and “would they buy” of the country 1 dataset 

    1. Just considering the people that would buy the TV
    2. What is sample size, sample mean and sample standard deviation of income
    Row Labels
    		Count of income
    		Average of income
    		StdDev of income
    N
    		30
    		                            51.10 
    		                         16.68 
    Y
    		70
    		                            73.17 
    		                         17.16 
    Grand Total
    		100
    		                            66.55 
    		                         19.75 

    The above pivot table shows that for only people willing to buy indicated by ‘Y’, sample size is 70, sample mean is 73.17 and standard deviation of income is 17.16

    1. find a 95% confidence interval for income 

    Confidence interval for income = 

    Mean = 73.17, n = 70, SD = 17.16

    SD/√n = 17.16/√70 = 2.0508, df = n-1 = 69, α = 0.05 (2tail)

    CI (95%) = 73.17 ± (1.9949)(2.0508) 

    = 73.17 ± 4.0911

    95% CI = 69.08 and 77.26

    2. Just considering the people would not buy the TV

    3.  What is sample size, sample mean and sample standard deviation of income 

    Row Labels
    		Count of income
    		Average of income
    		StdDev of income
    N
    		30
    		                            51.10 
    		                         16.68 
    Y
    		70
    		                            73.17 
    		                         17.16 
    Grand Total
    		100
    		                            66.55 
    		                         19.75 

    The above pivot table shows that for only people willing to buy indicated by ‘Y’, sample size is 30, sample mean is 51.10 and standard deviation of income is 16.68

    4. find a 95% confidence interval for income 

    Confidence interval for income = 

    Mean = 51.10, n = 30, SD = 16.68

    SD/√n = 16.68/√30 = 3.0453, df = n-1 = 29, α = 0.05 (2tail)

    CI (95%) = 51.10 ± (2.0452)(3.0453) 

    = 51.10 ± 6.2283

    95% CI = 44.87 and 57.33

    Question 6

    a) Just using the information for country 1

    i) Paste in inferential statistics that measure evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Gender?” and “Would you buy?” if you consider the whole population 

    Inferential statistics
    		 
    		 
    		 
    n1
    		n2
    		 
    		phat 1
    		phat 2
    56
    		44
    		 
    		0.76786
    		0.613636364
    Estimate of the difference between population proportions
    		 
    phat1-phat2
    		 
    		 
    		 
    		 
    0.154220779
    		 
    		 
    		 
    		 
    standard error of estimate
    		 test stat
    		 
    		two sided pvalue 
    0.092318618
    		 
    		1.670527378
    		 
    		0.094815067
    To calculate the p-value H0:p1=p2 is assumed to be true
    		 
    since the test is two sided H1 is H1:p1≠p2
    		 
    		 

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    The two-sided p-value 0.095 is greater than significance level of 0.05. Hence, we do not have evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, we conclude that there is no significance difference between two proportions that have been tested.

    b) Just using the information for country 2

    i) Paste in inferential statistics that measure evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Gender?” and “Would you buy?” if you consider the whole population 

    Inferential statistics
    		 
    		 
    		 
    n1
    		n2
    		 
    		phat 1
    		phat 2
    56
    		44
    		 
    		0.71429
    		0.363636364
    Estimate of the difference between population proportions
    		 
    phat1-phat2
    		 
    		 
    		 
    		 
    0.350649351
    		 
    		 
    		 
    		 
    standard error of estimate
    		 test stat
    		 
    		two sided pvalue 
    0.1
    		 
    		3.506493506
    		 
    		0.000454053
    To calculate the p-value H0:p1=p2 is assumed to be true
    		 
    since the test is two sided H1 is H1:p1≠p2
    		 
    		 

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    The two-sided p-value 0.0001 is lesser than significance level of 0.05. Hence, we have evidence to reject the null hypothesis. Hence, we conclude that there is significance difference between two proportions that have been tested.

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    In case of Country 1, null hypothesis could not be rejected. Hence, we could not conclude significant difference between proportions tested.

    In case of Country 2, null hypothesis could be rejected. Hence, we concluded significant difference between proportions tested.

    Question 7

    a) Just using the information for country 1

    i) Paste in computer output that measure evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “would you buy?” and “amount you would spend?” if you consider the whole population 

    Inferential statistics 
    		 
    		 
    Estimate of the difference between population means
    xbar1-xbar2
    		 
    		 
    -208.99
    		 
    		 
    		 
    standard error of estimate  xbar1-xbar2
    38.9305
    		 
    		 
    		 
    t test stat 
    		df
    		two sided pvalue 
    -5.3683
    		54
    		1.7E-06
    		 
    To calculate the p-value H0:μ1=μ2 is assumed to be true
    since the test is two sided H1 is H1:μ1≠μ2

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    The p-value is lower than significance level of 0.05. Hence, null hypothesis can be rejected. Hence, it can be concluded that the mean amount people are willing to pay varies significantly between those who are willing to buy TV model and those who are not willing to buy TV model.

    b) Just using the information for country 2

    i) Paste in computer output that measures evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “would you buy?” and “amount you would spend?” if you consider the whole population 

    Inferential statistics 
    		 
    		 
    Estimate of the difference between population means
    xbar1-xbar2
    		 
    		 
    97.4205
    		 
    		 
    		 
    standard error of estimate  xbar1-xbar2
    34.9831
    		 
    		 
    		 
    t test stat 
    		df
    		two sided pvalue 
    2.78479
    		89
    		0.00654
    		 
    To calculate the p-value H0:μ1=μ2 is assumed to be true
    since the test is two sided H1 is H1:μ1≠μ2

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    The p-value is lower than significance level of 0.05. Hence, null hypothesis can be rejected. Hence, it can be concluded that the mean amount people are willing to pay varies significantly between those who are willing to buy TV model and those who are not willing to buy TV model.

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    In both countries, the p-value is lower than significance level of 0.05 and it could be concluded that the mean amount people are willing to pay varies significantly between those who are willing to buy TV model and those who are not willing to buy TV model.

    Question 8

    a) Just using the information for country 1

    i) Paste in computer output that measures evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Income?” and “amount you would spend?” if you consider the whole population 

    Inferential statistics 
    		 
    		 
    		 
     paste this into the word file and add comments 
    correlation r 
    		0.9556816
    		 
    		 
    R square
    		0.9133272
    		 
    		 
    standard error of slope
    		0.3023129
    		 
    		 
    test stat of slope
    		32.13549
    		 
    		 
    two sided p-value for slope
    		      0.00000 
    		 
    		 
    To calculate the p-value H0:population slope =0  is assumed to be true
    since the test is two sided H1 is H1:population slope ≠0

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    As discussed already, r has a very high and positive value indicating strong positive relationship between income and amount they are willing to pay. This is evident in the scatter graph also. The regression equation as also found to predict the value of amount that they are willing to spend.

    Additionally, the p-value is lower than significance value of 0.05 indicating that results are statistically significant. 

    b) Just using the information for country 2

    i) Paste in computer output that measures evidence for the claim there is a relationship between the variables “Income?” and “amount you would spend?” if you consider the whole population 

    Inferential statistics 
    		 
    		 
    		 
     paste this into the word file and add comments 
    correlation r 
    		0.9855916
    		 
    		 
    R square
    		0.9713908
    		 
    		 
    standard error of slope
    		0.1427827
    		 
    		 
    test stat of slope
    		57.684197
    		 
    		 
    two sided p-value for slope
    		      0.00000 
    		 
    		 
    To calculate the p-value H0:population slope =0  is assumed to be true
    since the test is two sided H1 is H1:population slope ≠0

    ii) Make suitable comments about the output in part (i)

    As discussed already, r has a very high and positive value indicating strong positive relationship between income and amount they are willing to pay. This is evident in the scatter graph also. The regression equation as also found to predict the value of amount that they are willing to spend.

    Additionally, the p-value is lower than significance value of 0.05 indicating that results are statistically significant. 

    c) Compare the results in parts (a) and (b)  

    In both cases, r has a very high and positive value indicating strong positive relationship between income and amount they are willing to pay. This is evident in the scatter graph also. The regression equation as also found to predict the value of amount that they are willing to spend. Additionally, the p-value is lower than significance value of 0.05 indicating that results are statistically significant. 

    Question 9 

    OPTION 1:

    The selected option is the first option that provides PowerPoint presentation discussing various statistical concepts such as mean, standard deviation, types of variables, real world dataset with one categorical variable and one quantitative variable, ogive and ogive of p-values and interpretation of the same.

    For mean, a numerical illustration has been provided to explain the calculations involved in finding mean and what symbols are used to represent sample mean. 

    For standard deviation, the same illustration as mean has been carried forward to explain the calculations involved in finding standard deviation.

    For types of variables, the slides first make a reference to how two quantitative variables are presented through a graph or a scatterplot. It explains how this graph was used to derive relationship between the two variables in question.

    Then the slides pick a numerical illustration based on data from a government website that provides postcode, dwelling type and weekly rent. The example seems to be carried forward from previous slides that discussed mean and standard deviation but now has more data and variables. The next slides then categorize the data basis dwelling being in Sydney or not and provides average rent and count of dwelling types. The count of dwelling types is in absolute numbers as well as percentage proportion of total dwelling types. The slides explain how such categorization and pivot tables can be used to understand if samples are wrong. The illustration is carried forward to understand the difference in rent in Sydney and out of Sydney. This is analysis of categorical variable and a quantitative variable.

    The slides then explain ogive and how multiple samples can be generated such that p-value of each sample can be plotted in an ogive. If ogive is a straight line, it indicates weak relationship. If ogive has most values around zero, it indicates strong relationship. Ogives also help to visually understand percentiles and quartiles. The slides then go on to explain an illustration where multiple sample have been generated using a computer and then p-value for each sample has been found. The slides also attempt to explain the meaning of p-values and what they indicate and how they can be interpreted.

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